Stefan Zweig in the shadow of legends Hello,
I invite you to discover a literary gem. A few months ago, during a walk in bookstores, a little red book attracted me the eye: it was a biography of Fouché by Stefan Zweig
. I was unaware that Zweig had also written biographies. I bought and devoured in a few days, fascinated. I must admit that the biography is not my favorite genre, I often annoys me. But nothing like with Zweig. Forget your preconceptions about the biographies, forget your preconceptions about history. Grasset editions come out of an anthology of biographies assembled under the title: The Great
lives.
From Magellan to Fouche and Marie-Antoinette Marie Stuart, the Viennese novelist makes these historical figures of characters, flamboyant portraits of delivering psychological steeped in modernity and psychoanalysis, which depart from the legend to seek accuracy. With Zweig, one enters the flesh of history, and we must beware of puddles of blood ombrent the soil of this firm Bluebeard:
"Always the big political buildings were built with stones of injustice and cruelty , foundations have always had the blood for cement in politics only losers are wrong and history, continuing his march, the crowd's not brazen. "
Take Joseph Fouche, deputy of the people who managed the feat of making himself indispensable to the Revolution, the Terror, the Convention, the Directory, the Empire and even the Restoration! With Talleyrand, another character emblematic of the era, it is the only one to survive as a political earthquake. Each new master of France deems prudent to put him on his side, rather than having opposite.
Prince opportunists, his strength was no doubt, as Zweig points out, a "unshakable composure" :
"He gives free play to his strength and at the same time, he watches carefully for errors others wear it leaves their ardor and waits patiently they are exhausted or that, losing control of themselves, they discover a weak point: only then it hits relentlessly. This superiority of patience is never at a terrible one that can wait and hide so may also mislead the most experienced. "
From Robespierre to Napoleon, have all hated and feared, and it was right for everyone. Extremist MP, then Minister of Police all-powerful (so powerful it fascinated Balzac and twists and characters inspired several novels, including Vautrin), Duke of Otranto during the Restoration, he turned his coat at each speed while keeping tight the reins of power. Never belong to anyone, and thereby impossible to control, he gave a cold sweat to all governors.
"We must deeply probe the story out in the heat of the Revolution and Napoleon's legendary light, the mere presence of this man of modest appearance, but in reality is at hand and directs all the time. Throughout his life he remained in the shadows - but he stepped over the bodies of three generations. "
Very different, less Machiavellian and gasoline, which are the two queens Stefan Zweig chose to tell the life. On the one hand, the Austrian frivolous and carefree, the other the indomitable Scottish tyrannical passions. All both illustrate the end of the world. Marie-Antoinette that of absolute monarchy, Mary Stuart that of medieval chivalry. Both queens have much in common, although Zweig famous outset strength of character of Mary Stuart and will recognize, however, to Marie-Antoinette that the qualities of a woman "basically ordinary, not too smart , not too silly, or a being of fire and ice, with no inclination for good, without any love of evil, the average woman of yesterday, today and tomorrow. " about it he speaks of " involuntary heroism. " Marie Antoinette, "head wind "nice and charming, was made for a quiet life, preserved from the chaos of life. But the repeated blows of fate, which gives it right away to help in the strip then go to carve billhook a heroine in his royal flesh soft and languid.
This echoes a theme dear to Stefan Zweig: it is the reverse of existence that shape us and show us to ourselves, purifying our character and highlighting the salient features. Battered, wounded, torn from all those she loves, Marie-Antoinette becomes another woman, more profound, dignified and courageous. "Suffering was the first and true master of Marie Antoinette, the one she has learned something. " He adds further, in the biography of Mary Stuart:
" That is why only the moments of crisis, the decisive moments in history have a life, so the story that This is true only seen by them and through them. Only when a being put into play all his strength he is really living for himself and others, still there must be a fire kindled within his soul and devours that externalized his personality. "
Aged six days Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots and legitimate contender for the throne of England, is already an object of lust. While she did not five years, the Scots to deliver it to the British war, and lost. "Mary Stuart has not yet reached its fifth year already rivers of blood flowed because of it. "This will all his life, tragedy of Mary Stuart's fatal to those who love and defend it.
If, like Marie Antoinette, all the fairies seem to have looked at his birthplace, he must believe that the witches in Macbeth also roamed around the castle Holyrood on the night of his baptism ... For the life of Mary Stuart is a Shakespearean tragedy, intense, violent and passionate. I must say it is born in an age where you can switch to one day of the throne of Scotland to the scaffold, and where Catholics and Protestants engaged in a war across Europe littered with dead. His kingdom is a bitter and miserable country, where the nobility did not support the Kings if it can control them, or political assassination is commonplace and where the love of a queen may cost him his life. Drama, murder, conspiracy, deadly passions, betrayals, these are the ingredients of the fall of Mary Stuart, who pay very expensive errors of his youth. As Marie-Antoinette, she will be hated after being adored, will cross under the cries of hatred and humiliation the country which once embraced the people on the ground track of his steps.
Finally, it is drawn in front of her worst enemy, Elizabeth Tudor, bastard of Henry VIII (the serial killer of wives) once imprisoned in the Tower of London by her own sister, desperate to defend the crown of England so painfully won. Their fratricidal war and no thank you, that Zweig calls "a knife fight" is with rifle poisoned gifts, venom-coated love the sugar throat before slowly suffocate.
"In recent weeks, these last years she has lived in the flames, flames so high and burning their reflection still shines across the centuries. But now the fire down, goes out, after having eaten the best of itself: what else is slag and ash, miserable remnant of a magnificent splendor. Become a shadow of herself, Mary Stuart juts into the twilight of his destiny. "
Again, away from the legend, not on the lengthy investigation of Mary Stuart and Elizabeth, Zweig makes focus on important details, and shows an Elizabeth torn between his hatred for Mary Stuart, his desire to push on the scaffold, and the nagging feeling that this unreported decision (the public performance of a queen) will a dangerous precedent. What interests him is to show the inner struggle of people against their feelings and their impulses, to probe their deeper truth. Zweig, which lasted a period of research on Mary Stuart into exile (between time Hitler took power), feels an affinity with the proven, the outcasts, those to whom everything was taken. He knows the truth of The words of Marie Antoinette: "It is in misfortune we feel more of what we are. " With it, you never look at history the same way.
soon.
Gaëlle Nohant